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The authors propose a novel 2 × 2 multimode interference (MMI) coupler that provides an arbitrary power splitting ratio. The proposed coupler has a cladding-filled gap in the centre of its MMI region. Couplers fabricated using a silica-based planar lightwave circuit exhibited splitting ratios from 0–100% with excess losses < 1 dB.
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Saida et al. (1999) studied this question.
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