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The Kremlin employs a type of ‘strategic communications’, which, according to the Russian conceptualisation of information war, is a combination of military and non-military means intended to influence the information-psychological space of a targeted audience. Ofer Fridman argues that the Kremlin’s employment of economic counter-sanctions (non-military means) and its intervention in Syria (military means) demonstrate the Kremlin’s capability to participate in information war – the Russian counterpart of Western strategic communications.
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Ofer Fridman (2020) studied this question.
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