Discoveries from the exploration of gyrokinetic momentum transport

The momentum transport due to gyroradius scale turbulence in tokamak plasmas is very complex. In general, some type of breaking of the parity of the gyrokinetic equation under simultaneous reflection of the poloidal angle and the sign of the parallel velocity phase space coordinate (poloidal parity) is always involved. There are three distinct types of poloidal parity breaking effects. In this paper, all three types of poloidal parity breaking are explored using the quasi-linear trapped gyro-Landau fluid [G. M. Staebler et al., Phys. Plasmas 12, 102508 (2005)] transport code. Selected results are verified with full nonlinear turbulence simulations using the gyro [J. Candy et al., J. Comput. Phys. 186, 545 (2003)] gyrokinetic code. The observable properties like an energy pinch driven by a parallel velocity shear and a dependence of momentum transport on the direction of the ion grad-B drift relative to the X-point location in single null divertor geometry have been discovered.