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Nonresonant fast ions (Eᵢ/Tᵢ{~}100) with large ratios of perpendicular-to-parallel energy (E_⊥/E_∥{~}100) have been observed in rf-produced, electron-cyclotron-resonance-heating-produced and low-density Ohmic plasmas in the Continuous Current Tokamak device by means of a scannable fast neutral spectrometer. Superthermal ions (Eᵢ/Tᵢ{~}20) are also observed in high-harmonic ion cyclotron-heated tokamak discharges ({ω}/Ωᵢ{~}20), but appear to be isotropic, possibly due to pitch-angle scattering. These measurements strongly suggest the existence of a universal mechanism of perpendicular ion acceleration.
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Evans et al. (1992) studied this question.
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