Shortly after initiation of a high-voltage toroidal discharge in Ar, departure from free-electron acceleration is observed, together with electron heating such that the total energy input is accounted for. This early behavior is attributed to a high-frequency instability (ωₚᵢ<ω<ωₚₑ) due to interaction between relatively few trapped electrons and the streaming electrons.
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Hirose et al. (1972) studied this question.
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