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A unified general theory is formulated for linear and quasi-linear phenomena associated with thermonuclear instabilities in axisymmetric toroidal systems. The theory takes into account processes caused by the resonant interaction between waves and passing as well as trapped α-particles. It includes finite Larmor-radius effects, bounce effects, and effects associated with the radial excursions of the particle guiding centres as well as the particle orbit drift along the large torus azimuth.
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M. Lisak (1984) studied this question.
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