End-to-End Secure Wireless Sensor Network Using Pki Infrastructure and Raspberry Pi Pico W

Industry 5.0 is the evolution of the industrial revolution that goes beyond automation and smart systems (Industry 4.0). It focuses on human-machine collaboration, sustainability, resilience, and security. The proposed security system also aligns with the vision of Industry 5.0, which emphasizes not only automation and efficiency but also cyber-resilience, sustainability, and human-centric design. By employing a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) combined with JWT-based authentication and lightweight cryptographic techniques, the proposed system enhances the trustworthiness and adaptability of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). These features are critical for Industry 5.0 environments, where secure collaboration between humans and intelligent devices is expected to be seamless, scalable, and resilient against emerging cybersecurity threats. This paper proposes a secure, lightweight, end-to-end architecture for WSNs using a Raspberry Pi Pico W microcontroller, digital certificates and a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) server. The system uses AES and RSA cryptography, JWT-based authentication, and HTTPS communication to protect data from MITM, replay, spoofing, and injection attacks. Data collected from sensors is encrypted and sent via a REST API to a secure server with MySQL integration. The paper details the implementation, testing, and performance of this model and discusses its limitations and future improvements, including extended sensor coverage and blockchain-based trust models.