Exploring the Relationship Between Thymosin β4 Protein and First Myocardial Infarction on the Basis of Proteomics

Figures

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  Figure 1. Venn diagram of differential proteins between AMI and healthy individuals. The overlapping section of the diagram indicates the number of proteins shared between groups, while the nonoverlapping sections represent the number of proteins unique to each group. The numbers correspond to the count of proteins. ACS indicates acute coronary syndrome; and NOR, normal people.

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  Figure 2. Differential protein volcano plot. The volcano plot shows that the values on both axes have been logarithmically transformed. Each point on the plot represents a specific protein. Thirty‐six proteins were upregulated, and 22 proteins were downregulated compared with the 2 patient groups. The blue and red dots represent downregulated and upregulated proteins, respectively, and the gray dots represent no change, with dots closer to the left and upper and upper edges indicating more significant expression differences. FC indicates fold change.

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  Figure 3. Differential protein clustering heat map. Each column in the figure represents a sample, and each row represents a protein. The colors in the figure indicate the relative expression levels of the proteins in that group of samples, with red indicating higher expression levels in the sample, and green indicating lower levels. For specific trends in expression level changes, please refer to the numerical annotations below the color bar at the top left. On the left side is a dendrogram representing protein clustering, and on the right side are the names of the proteins. The closer 2 protein branches are, the more similar their expression levels; the dendrogram above represents sample clustering, and the names of the samples are listed below. The closer 2 sample branches are, the more similar the expression patterns of all proteins in those samples, meaning the trends in protein expression level changes are more alike. ACS indicates acute coronary syndrome; and NOR, normal people.

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  Figure 4. Expression levels of TMSB4. **** indicates P<0.001. TMSB4 is significantly elevated in patients with first‐time AMI. AMI indicates acute myocardial infarction; and TMSBR, thymosin β4.

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  Figure 5. ROC curve for TMSB4 in diagnosing first‐time AMI. The diagnostic value of plasma TMSB4 for first‐onset AMI was assessed using an ROC curve. The area under the curve was 0.849 (95% CI, 0.810–0.888; P<0.001), with ≈80.8% sensitivity and 79.3% specificity. AMI indicates acute myocardial infarction; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; and TMSBR, thymosin β4.

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  Figure 6. Correlation test between TMSB4 and cTnI. TMSB4 is positively correlated with cTnI, and the difference is statistically significant (r=0.9044, P<0.0001). cTnI indicates cardiac troponin I; and TMSBR, thymosin β4.