A nonunion represents a significant clinical challenge for the orthopedic surgeon. The classic treatments for delayed union and nonunion are not always successful. Many alternatives and adjuncts to osteosynthesis currently exist, including electrical and electromagnetic stimulation. This review article outlines the devices used for the delivery of this therapy including; the basic science, clinical evidence, and specific application to foot and ankle surgery for each device.
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Latham et al. (2014) studied this question.
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