The influence of Ringer's lactate or HES 130/0.4 administration on the integrity of the small intestinal mucosa in a pig hemorrhagic shock model under general anesthesia

28 healthy Large White pigs, 3 months of age, subjected to severe acute bleeding (30 mL/kg) under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil.

Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 solution (20 mL/kg) after bleeding.

Ringer's lactate (RL) solution (25 mL/kg) after bleeding, or no bleeding/no volume replacement.

Histological lesions of the small intestinal mucosa (edema, congestion, hyperemia, hemorrhage, inflammatory infiltration, cellular degeneration, necrosis, epithelial detachment, mucosal loss percentage, and crypt:interstitium ratio).surrogate