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Individuals may increase their feeding efficiency or decrease their vulnerability to predators by participating in groups. Qualitatively, advantages to members of heterospecific groups are in most cases similar to those of single-species groups. Quantitatively, predator-avoidance advantages of individuals in heterospecific groups probably exceed those of single-species groups, whereas the opposite is true for feeding advantages.
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Douglass H. Morse (1977) studied this question.
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