Three moral principles provide the basis for analyzing ethical issues relating to human reproduction. The principle of liberty guarantees a right to freedom of action. The utilitarian principle defines Tightness for a society or group as the greatest good for the greatest number. And justice requires that everyone have equitable access to necessary goods and services. The principles are applied to family planning services, using demographic data and cultural facts from countries and regions throughout the world.
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Ruth Macklin (1990) studied this question.
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