Individual Differences in Map Reading Spatial Abilities Using Perceptual and Memory Processes

Central to spatial intelligence are the capacities to perceive the visual world accurately, to perform transformations and modifications upon one's initial perceptions, and to be able to re-create aspects of one's visual experiences, even in the absence of relevant physical stimulation. One can be asked to produce forms or simply to manipulate those that have been provided [Gardner 1983, p. 173].