West Nile virus first appeared in the western hemisphere in 1999 in New York. Genetic analysis determined that the virus was introduced from the Mediterranean Basin. This review discusses the establishment of West Nile virus in the naïve environment of the northeastern USA, its ecology, epizootiology, pathology, prevention and prediction, as well as laboratory studies that have been conducted to elucidate the transmission cycle.
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Kramer et al. (2001) studied this question.
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