Burden of reproductive cancers in India: Insights from population-based cancer registries

Problem Considered Reproductive cancers (RCs) are a major component of India's non-communicable disease burden, with significant gender and regional disparities. Despite being largely preventable, early detection and access to care remain limited, and comprehensive national-level incidence data are scarce. The present study aims to provide an overview of the epidemiology of RCs in India, including their magnitude and patterns, based on data from population-based cancer registries. Methods Cancer incidence data from 37 Population-Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs) in India, covering the years 2012–2017, were analysed. RC cases were identified using ICD-10 codes. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs), age-specific rates, and lifetime cumulative risks were computed and disaggregated by sex and region. Results Among 436,223 total cancer cases, 61,190 (14.0%) were RCs—15,091 in males (6.9%) and 46,099 in females (21.3%). In females, cervical cancer accounted for 48.8% of RCs, followed by ovarian (28.7%) and endometrial (15.5%) cancers. In males, prostate cancer comprised 78.8% of RC cases. The burden peaked between the ages of 40 and 59 years in both sexes. In India, the lifetime cumulative risk was 1 in 34 for females and 1 in 68 for males, with higher risks observed in northern and southern regions of India. Conclusion The burden of RCs in India is disproportionately higher among females, with marked regional disparities. Strengthening early detection programmes and leveraging Health and Wellness Centres under Ayushman Bharat are critical strategies. Region-specific, gender-sensitive approaches, coupled with ongoing surveillance and a multisectoral policy focus, are essential to improve outcomes and mitigate the psychosocial impacts of RCs.