From coherent collective excitation to Rydberg blockade on an atom chip

Using time-resolved measurements, we demonstrate coherent collective Rydberg excitation crossing over into Rydberg blockade in a dense and ultracold gas trapped at a distance of 100 μm from a room-temperature atom chip. We perform Ramsey-type measurements to characterize the coherence. The experimental data are in good agreement with numerical results from a master equation using a mean-field approximation and with results from a super-atom-based Hamiltonian. This represents significant progress in exploring a strongly interacting driven Rydberg gas on an atom chip.