A shared imitation: Cistercian convents and crusader families in thirteenth-century Champagne

This article examines the relationship between Cistercian nunneries and the crusade movement and considers the role of gender in light of the new emphasis on penitential piety and suffering prevalent during the thirteenth century. Focused on evidence from the region of Champagne in northern France, it argues that female family members of male crusaders adopted Cistercian spirituality as a means of participating in the experience of suffering and the pursuit of the imitation of Christ that had come to be associated with the act of crusading. The connection between Cistercian nuns and crusaders was further strengthened during this period as the Cistercian order expanded its liturgy to include specific rounds of prayers for success in the east and in southern France, for Jerusalem, and for the well-being of crusaders. Many crusader families in Champagne founded Cistercian nunneries to function as family necropolises, further sharpening the connections between crusaders, memory, and suffering as experienced in female Cistercian houses. ☆ The following abbreviations have been employed: GC: Gallia Christiana in provincias ecclesiasticas distributa, 16 vols (Paris, 1715–1865); AASS: Acta sanctorum quotquot toto orbe coluntur, ed. Jean Bollandus and others (Antwerp, 1643–present; new edn Paris and Brussels, 1868–1925) AD: Archives départementales; and BnF: Bibliothèque nationale de France. With respect to Latin citations from original archival sources I have silently expanded abbreviated words according to classical norms and followed modern principles of punctuation.