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A Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator is designed and fabricated based on upper-clad GeO 2 -doped silica ridge waveguides with thermal poling. The electro-optic coefficient obtained is about 0.05 pm/V and is polarization-insensitive. An extinction ratio of over 17 dB is achieved. The transmission loss of the modulator for the TE mode is 2-3 dB higher than that for the TM mode after the poling.
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Sailing He (2003) studied this question.
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