Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of mycosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles from Ganoderma lucidum

The mycosynthesis method for metal oxide nanoparticles offers several advantages, including eco-friendliness, non-toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. In this study, mycosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) was achieved using cell-free extracts of Ganoderma lucidum . The morphological, structural, and optical properties of the mycosynthesized CuO NPs were analyzed by using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier Transmission Infrared spectrometer (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Zeta sizer. As a result, the size distribution was determined to be 20–40 nm, with a regular polyhedral shape, and the Cu–O bond was observed at 597 cm −1 . Mycosynthesized CuO NPs from G. lucidum cell-free extracts have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antihyperglycaemic activities. As a result, mycosynthesized CuO NPs have potential for use in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.