Theoretical framework demonstrates cyclic cosmic evolution driven by phase transitions and apparent mass, indicating recurring universe emergence rather than irreversible thermal death.
According to Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), the universe does not simply originate from a single explosive event and proceed irreversibly toward a final state of thermal exhaustion. Instead, the universe is proposed to evolve through a continuous sequence of manifestation, maturation, dissolution, and eventual re-emergence, forming a potentially cyclic cosmological process. After the universe reaches the Planck threshold and becomes fully manifested, its evolution does not cease. Rather, it continues to develop over extraordinarily long periods of cosmic history. During this stage, the characteristic wavelengths associated with the universe gradually increase as a consequence of entropic evolution. In simpler terms, the universe progressively becomes more diffuse, less concentrated, and structurally more dispersed. Manifested matter becomes increasingly diluted, while the organized energy configurations responsible for maintaining stable cosmic structures slowly diminish. ECM interprets this continuing transformation as an ongoing process of phase evolution. The universe is therefore not regarded as static following its initial manifestation. Instead, it continuously accumulates phase history, symbolically represented by phase angles extending beyond a single rotational cycle of 360°, such as 720°, 1080°, and ultimately toward arbitrarily large values. Within this interpretation, successive phase rotations may be understood as recording the cumulative evolutionary history of the universe itself. As cosmic evolution progresses toward its proposed maximum extent, denoted by the radius rmax,Univ, ordinary matter gradually loses its dominant influence over the large-scale dynamics of the cosmos. ECM proposes that the Negative Apparent Mass component, Mapp = −ΔPEECM which represents the accumulated deficit of displaced potential energy, progressively becomes much larger than the remaining manifested matter content. At this stage, the effective gravitational character of the universe undergoes a transition. The manifested matter that previously governed conventional gravitational attraction becomes increasingly negligible, while the apparent-mass reservoir assumes the dominant dynamical role. Consequently, the universe evolves from a matter-dominated condition toward what ECM describes as a phase-dominated state. From the ECM perspective, this transition should not be interpreted as the destruction, disappearance, or annihilation of the universe. Instead, it represents a gradual transformation from an observable manifested condition into a latent phase condition. The universe progressively relinquishes its manifested structures and returns toward a deeper level of existence characterized primarily by frequency and phase relationships rather than by conventional matter, space, and time. Within this latent condition, wavelengths once again become smaller than the Planck-scale manifestation threshold. Under such circumstances, observable propagation at the speed of light no longer retains conventional physical meaning. The universe is therefore proposed to re-enter a pre-geometric phase state analogous to the state that existed before manifestation initially occurred. ECM consequently envisions cosmic evolution as a cyclic process. A fully manifested universe may eventually evolve back toward an unmanifested phase reservoir while retaining within its phase structure the accumulated history of previous manifestations. This latent phase reservoir may subsequently serve as the potential source from which another manifested universe eventually emerges, allowing cosmic evolution to proceed through successive aeons rather than terminating in an irreversible heat death.
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Soumendra Nath Thakur (2026) studied this question.
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