The power of choice: how early performance of tree species may shape direct seeding for tropical forest restoration

Introduction The success of direct seeding depends on appropriate species selection. Understanding the geographic and taxonomic distribution of species used, along with their performance profiles, can inform more effective restoration outcomes. Objective We analyzed the geographic and taxonomic distribution of native tree species used in direct seeding studies in the Atlantic Forest, examined whether performance profiles are shared across taxonomic levels, and characterized the early performance of these species based on recruitment metrics. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review with quantitative synthesis to assess regional biases and taxonomic distribution. We calculated the Taxonomic Distinctness index and performed a clustering analysis using principal coordinates analysis to explore early performance patterns based on recruitment metrics. Results Most studies were concentrated in the Southeast region. The most frequently studied species belonged to Fabaceae. Distinct performance patterns emerged, including groups of species combining early recruitment and post‐emergence persistence, those with high germination rates, groups showing intermediate performance across metrics, and a group characterized by the highest relative establishment. We identified numerous low‐performing species as well as significant gaps in basic information on seed quality, quantities sown, and species‐specific field performance. Conclusion This study revealed a pronounced geographic imbalance in direct seeding, with studies concentrated in economically developed regions. Furthermore, we found that a small subset of species—particularly from the Fabaceae family—has dominated restoration efforts. However, performance metrics showed that frequency of use and taxonomic similarity are not consistently associated with field success. Instead, high‐performing clusters were characterized by high seed viability, rapid establishment, and post‐emergence resilience, providing insights for functional species selection.