Peter Gabel & Duncan Kennedy, Roll Over Beethoven, 36 Stan.L. Rev. 1, 33 (1984).2. In the spring of 1988, swarms of police descended on the ghettos and barrios of Los Angeles.The action was an almost military response to the growth of gang violence and, significantly, the encroachment of that violence into once secure white middle class communities.This response, labeled "Operation Hammer," has been credited with massive infringements on the civil liberties of minority youth.
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Bartholomew et al. (1990) studied this question.
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