Nonvolatile multivalued memory effects in electronic phase-change manganites controlled by Joule heating

Nonvolatile multivalued memory effects caused by magnetic fields, currents, and voltage pulses are studied in Nd0.65Ca0.35MnO₃ and (Nd_1-ySmy)0.5Sr0.5MnO₃ $(y=0.75)$ single crystals in the hysteretic region between ferromagnetic metallic and charge-ordered insulating states. The current/voltage effects observed in this study are explained by the self-heating effect, which enable us to control the colossal electroresistance effects. This thermal-cycle induced switching between electronic solid and liquid states can be regarded as an electronic version of atomic crystal/amorphous transitions in phase-change chalcogenides.