CatSper mediates the chemotactic behavior and motility of the ascidian sperm

Sperm motility, including chemotactic behavior, is regulated by changes in the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration. The cation channel of sperm (CatSper), plays an important role in the regulation of intracellular Ca 2+ concentration. In mammals, CatSper is the only Ca 2+ channel that functions in the sperm, and the mice that lack the genes for the subunits of CatSper, which make up the pore region of the Ca 2+ channel, are infertile due to the inhibition of hyperactivation of the sperm. CatSper is also thought to be involved in chemotaxis in sea urchins. In contrast, in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis , the sperm-activating and -attracting factor (SAAF) interacts with Ca 2+ /ATPase, which is a Ca 2+ -pump. Although the existence of CatSper genes has been reported, it is not clear whether CatSper is the specific Ca 2+ channel that functions in the ascidian sperm. Therefore, in this study, we generated Catsper3 knockout (KO) animals that found that they were significantly less motile, with few motile sperms not exhibiting any chemotactic behavior. These results suggest that CatSper plays important roles in the spermatogenesis and basic motility mechanisms of sperms in both ascidians and mammals.