If I Were Favored More, Maybe I Would Have More Confidence: Narrative Inquiry on Parental Differential Treatment and Self-Confidence

Parental differential treatment (PDT) describes the varied ways parents treat their children across dimensions like warmth, conflict, and control, significantly influencing children’s self-perception and relationships. We investigated how emerging adult women, who perceive themselves as less favored, understand PDT and its influence on their self-confidence and goals. Utilizing a social constructivist framework and narrative inquiry, we analyzed the experiences of 13 undergraduate women, aged 18 to 25, from a predominantly White institution. The participants revealed two central themes: (1) Experiencing PDT and (2) Making Sense of PDT and Self-confidence. Participants described recognizing PDT, navigating shifting family relationships, and constructing confidence in response. For some, feeling less favored undermined their confidence and sense of belonging; for others, it cultivated independence and resilience. Additionally, many noted that confidence often fluctuated based on context. These findings expand the existing literature on PDT by situating meaning-making within emerging adulthood, a crucial period for identity development. Recognizing how PDT shapes self-confidence deepens our understanding of self-concept development throughout life transitions. Practically, the participants emphasized the need for family therapists, educators, and health professionals to address perceptions of PDT to support youth in building positive self-confidence.