Coaching women's boxing in Italy: Profiles, challenges, and perceived barriers

This study investigated the profile, qualifications, and perceptions of Italian boxing coaches working with female athletes, focusing on perceived barriers in women's boxing. A total of 87 coaches (79.3% males; mean age: 47.7 ± 11.2 years; experience: 16.6 ± 11.5 years; females: 20.7%, 40.1 ± 8.6 years; experience: 8.2 ± 5.3 years) completed an online questionnaire addressing demographic and educational background, certification level, and contextual perceptions. All participants held official certifications by the Italian Boxing Federation (FPI), with 65.5% possessing at least a Level 2 certification and 21.8% classified as Master coaches. Significant gender differences emerged: female coaches were underrepresented at higher certification levels and absent in professional contexts. Coaches generally reported positive attitudes toward women's boxing, with 73.6% rejecting the belief that boxing is unsuitable for women. Perceived barriers were mainly organisational and institutional, including moderate ratings for facilities and competition settings, and lower ratings for dual-career support. While 62.1% reported high knowledge of female-specific psychophysiological aspects, qualitative responses highlighted the need for further education, particularly regarding menstrual cycle management and weight management. In conclusion, Italian boxing coaches reported a qualified and supportive profile; however, structural constraints and educational gaps remain key challenges for the development of women's boxing.