Summary A detailed study has been made of the properties of lipid-adsorbed virus vaccines. The influence of route of inoculation, suspending medium, and loading of lipid with antigen on antibody response were determined. Species differences in response to lipid-adsorbed vaccine were encountered; marked adjuvant action occurred in guinea pigs and mice but not in rabbits or chickens. The toxicity and tissue reactions produced by lipid-adsorbed vaccines and the rate of disappearance of the antigen depot from the site of inoculation also were studied. A series of water-insoluble lipids with different polar groups and sidechains were tested for their ability to act as immunologic adjuvants in order to determine the importance of available polar groups to the adsorbent and adjuvant properties of a lipid.
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Youngner et al. (1963) studied this question.