Numerical study of generalized Lipmann-Schwinger integral equation including surface topography

Rugged topographies and general heterogeneities in the near-surface sediments have a significant influence on exploration seismic data recorded at the free surface. To remove the near-surface effect on seismic data, a thorough understanding of wave propagation in the shallow subsurface region is needed. The physical effect of wave propagation in the near-surface region characterized by volume heterogeneities and rugged topographies can be described by a generalized Lipmann-Schwinger integral equation (GLSIE). By virtue of the GLSIE, in this paper I develop an efficient numerical method for the study of wave scattering in complex near-surface areas.