Ultra-low-phase-noise cryocooled microwave dielectric-sapphire-resonator oscillators

Two nominally identical ultra-stable microwave oscillators are compared. Each incorporates a sapphire resonator cooled to near 6 K in an ultra-low vibration cryostat using a pulse-tube cryocooler. The phase noise for a single oscillator is measured at −105 dBc/Hz at 1 Hz offset on the 11.2 GHz carrier. The oscillator fractional frequency stability, after subtracting a linear frequency drift of 3.5×10-14/day, is characterized by 5.3×10-16τ-1/2+9×10-17 for integration times 0.1s<τ<1000s and is limited by a flicker frequency noise floor near 1×10-16.