Metallic electromigration phenomena

Metallic electromigration can be defined as the movement of metallic material, usually through or across a nonmetallic medium, under the influence of an electric field. As such, it has assumed increasing importance in the performance and reliability of packaging systems that incorporate electric contacts. The characteristics of the different electromigration processes are discussed, including descriptions of related phenomena. The primary emphasis is on electrolytically controlled processes that take place under low power and typical ambient conditions.>