Resuscitation of Severe Chest Trauma with Four Different Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen-Carrying Solutions

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to test whether polynitroxylation (PN) improved the therapeutic profile of hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying compounds (HBOCs) that were unpolymerized (alphaalphaHb) or 70% polymerized (polyHb) in a clinically relevant model that combines pulmonary injury and reperfusion. To our knowledge, four different HBOC formulations have never been compared in the same trauma model. METHODS: Anesthetized, ventilated swine (n = 45) received a unilateral lung contusion + 25% hemorrhage. After 60 minutes, 250 mL of either PNalphaalphaHb (n = 5), alphaalphaHb (n = 10), PNpolyHb (n = 6), polyHb (n = 5), or normal saline (NaCl, n = 10) was administered for 20 minutes, followed by standard crystalloid resuscitation for 30 minutes, and supplemental crystalloid as required for 6 hours to maintain heart rate <100 beats/min and mean arterial pressure >70 mm Hg. RESULTS: Nine of 45 deaths occurred before resuscitation. Survival time was 395 minutes with NaCl versus 303 minutes with alphaalphaHb (p = 0.03) or 238 minutes with PNalphaalphaHb (p = 0.04). With both polymerized HBOCs, survival was 480 minutes (polyHb vs. alphaalphaHb, p = 0.005; PNpolyHb vs. PNalphaalphaHb, p = 0.006). All HBOCs were pressors (all p < 0.05) and all reduced the supplemental fluid required to maintain systemic hemodynamics during resuscitation (all p < 0.05). By 90 minutes postresuscitation, cardiac index was 112% of baseline with NaCl (p < 0.02), but was 78% with alphaalphaHb (p = not significant), 63% with PNalphaalphaHb (p < 0.01), 79% with PNpolyHb (p < 0.01), and 67% with polyHb p < 0.02). Relative to NaCI, no HBOC altered trauma-induced neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, or the trauma-induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage protein or bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils. CONCLUSION: After resuscitation from chest trauma, we observed the following: (1) all HBOCs reduced fluid requirements and increased right and left ventricular afterload versus NaCl, which further compromised an already marginal cardiac performance; (2) mortality was less with polyHbs relative to alphaalphaHb, but the pressor action was unchanged; (3) the pressor action was less with polynitroxylated compounds relative to the unmodified HBOC, but this chemical modification had no effect on mortality; and (4) the pressor action of HBOCs must be attenuated by strategies other than polymerization or polynitroxylation for these compounds to be safe, effective resuscitants in humans.