The breakdown voltage, the upturn voltage, and the nonlinearity of the ZnO varistors are significantly influenced by the Sb 2 O 3 and SiO 2 contents, as well as by the β→γ transition of the Bi 2 O 3 phase. The lattice parameter of spinel is influenced by the coexisting Bi 2 O 3 phase. Antimony oxide disperses into the powders of ZnO and other additives in the early stage of sintering, and finally gathers again as particles of spinel which may play an important role in the improvement of the nonlinearity by stressing the interfaces of two ZnO grains.
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Takemura et al. (1987) studied this question.
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