Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetics: 214 Outpatients at the Marc Sankale Diabetes Center in Dakar

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a severe chronic condition that remains insufficiently documented in sub-Saharan Africa. It is frequently associated with various cardiovascular risk factors, thereby increasing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The cardiovascular prognosis of patients with type 2 diabetes depends on the simultaneous control of diabetes and its associated risk factors. Thus, our study aims to determine the prevalence of these risk factors within this population. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study from September 1, 2021, to January 30, 2022, including 214 type 2 diabetic patients aged 35 years or older, followed on an outpatient basis at the Marc Sankale Antidiabetic Center in Dakar. Results: Among the 214 patients studied, the mean age was 58 ± 9.2 years, with a female predominance of 76.6%. According to IDF recommendations, only 31.3% of the population had controlled diabetes. The risk factors associated with diabetes were: dyslipidemia with LDL ≥ 1 g/l in 83.2% of diabetics; hypertension in 62.1%. Among diabetics, 72.2% were on antihypertensive treatment, primarily ACE inhibitors (37.7% of cases). Among treated hypertensive patients, 12.5% achieved blood pressure targets below 130/80 mmHg; Sedentary lifestyle in 61.7% of cases; abdominal obesity in 52.3% and general obesity in 24.8% of cases; smoking in 4.7% of cases; microalbuminuria was found in 23.4% of diabetics. This microalbuminuria was strongly linked to the presence of hypertension (68% of hypertensive diabetic patients). The main complications included myocardial ischemia in 20.6%, renal insufficiency (11.7%), and stroke or peripheral artery disease in 1.9% of subjects. According to the Framingham score, the overall cardiovascular risk was high in 69.9% of patients, indicating a likelihood of experiencing a cardiovascular event within the next 10 years. Conclusion: Our study highlights that type 2 diabetes is frequently associated with numerous cardiovascular risk factors. The simultaneous control of diabetes and its associated risk factors often results in failure, regardless of the targets set by professional guidelines.