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Previous investigations of the ionospheric plasma by means of probes (see, for example, the review by Bourdeau (1963) have generally been based on the method used by Langmuir in his classic studies of the gas discharge (Mott-Smith & Langmuir 1926). A rather different approach suggested by Druyvesteyn (1930), has proved very powerful in certain circumstances in the laboratory study of the positive column (Sloane & McGregor 1934; Boyd & Twiddy 1959) and this paper describes the application of this technique to the study of ionospheric electrons.
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Bowen et al. (1964) studied this question.
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