Thermodynamic effects of solid electrolyte interphase formation from solvation and ionic association in water-in-salt electrolytes

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the concentration of reactant species in the Helmholtz layer. Overall, this formalism directly links solvation and ionic aggregation to changes in reactivity, providing key insights into the thermodynamic factors that influence SEI formation in WiSEs. The framework can also be applied to other liquid electrolytes, including conventional carbonate electrolytes, solvent-in-salt systems, and Na-ion electrolytes, to understand how solvation and ionic association influence ESW expansion and SEI formation.