This article suggests that counselors measure vocational interests by using three interest inventories: the Ramak Interest Inventory, the Courses Interest Inventory, and the Self‐Directed Search (Holland, 1985). Some implications from studies on (a) vocational congruence, (b) environmental congruence, (c) the structure of occupational fields and (d) within‐occupation congruence are discussed. Five defense mechanisms for clients who happen to be in an incongruent occupation or environment are presented.
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Elchanan I. Meir (1994) studied this question.
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