Phase transformations in carbon and nickel steel journals have been shown to form a protective hard surface layer, preventing failure, when rubbed against a steel pin simulating swarf in a bearing. Under similar conditions transformations in a 3 per cent Cr-Mo steel did not occur allowing metal transfer, carburization, and eventual failure of the journal. Failures could be prevented by the selection of certain oils.
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Kim Burns (1967) studied this question.
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