In this paper, the equilibrium behavior of the smart hydrogels responding to the electric voltage and pH coupled stimuli is simulated by a chemo-electro-mechanical multi-field model, termed the multi-effect-coupling pH-electric-stimuli (MECpHe) model. It consists of coupled nonlinear partial differential governing equations, which reflect the effects of different chemo-electro-mechanical parameters including the solution pH, externally applied electric voltage and ionic strength on the swelling and bending of the pH-electric-sensitive hydrogels. A numerical comparison is made between the simulation and published experiments and very good agreement is achieved. The influences of ionic strength of surrounding solution on the distributions of electric potential, the fixed charge density, and the displacement and swelling ratio of the hydrogel strip are investigated in detail.
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Luo et al. (2010) studied this question.
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