Bioactive nanomaterials for ion‐interference therapy

Ions with biological actions have been exploited to perform a wide range of tasks, including antitumor therapy, termed ion‐interference therapy (IIT). However, single ions or ion‐containing small molecules possess serious limitations for in vivo therapeutic applications due to their short circulation duration, weak discrimination between healthy and tumor tissues, and dose‐limiting systemic toxicity. Bioactive nanomaterials, not only successful targeting tumors but also sufficient generation/release of active species for cell death induction, have attracted enormous interest in IIT due to their potential to tackle the challenges, and are largely the focus of this review.