Enhancing energy efficiency through user engagement and behaviour change: A review on gamification approaches and serious games in energy systems

Purely technical solutions are insufficient to optimise district heating systems (DHS) and end-user behaviour significantly impacts the system and its performance. Thus, prioritising customer engagement strategies and fostering cooperation with consumers are crucial for realising the full potential of DHS. This paper explores the potential of gamification as an effective method for engaging end-users. While gamification has demonstrated success in various fields, its potential in DHS requires further investigation. To address this, the paper conducts a comprehensive literature review on gamification, focusing on its application in smart energy systems and DHS. The study examines various gamification elements and techniques, analysing case studies and examples of gamification implementation in energy systems. It evaluates the potential impact and benefits on user engagement and energy consumption patterns in heating systems, including increased energy efficiency, reduced costs, and enhanced user satisfaction. Reported energy savings from gamified solutions vary significantly, ranging from 4 % to 42 %, highlighting their potential to transform energy consumption behaviour. Additionally, the study identifies challenges and limitations associated with implementing gamification in DHS and explored the use of technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning to overcome them. These technologies enhance user engagement by analysing and predicting user behaviour and preferences. By doing so, this research identifies key gaps and potential advancements in gamification techniques for DHS, aiming to optimise system performance and enhance digitalisation. • Gamification in DHS can improve energy efficiency and user engagement. • Review reveals 4\% to 44\% energy savings across gamified energy systems. • Core game elements: feedback, rewards, comparison, and personalised challenges. • AI/ML enhance gamification via smart feedback, demand response, and personalisation. • Research gaps include long-term impact, DHS-specific studies, and tech integration.