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August 28, 2026Energy Strategy ReviewsOpen Access

Optimizing off-grid residential hybrid systems with and without energy storage: A constriction-coefficient PSO approach to cost, reliability, and emissions trade-offs

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Authors

DCDongyue CaoRWRan WeiAMAkbar Maleki

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Overview

Optimization modeling demonstrates reduced costs and emissions in off-grid residential setups, highlighting the value of battery-backed hybrid systems.

Key Points

  • The study aims to evaluate and optimize the design of five stand-alone residential hybrid energy configurations with and without battery storage to balance cost, reliability, and emissions.
  • Modeled five stand-alone hybrid power system configurations integrating solar, wind, diesel generation, and battery energy storage.
  • Developed an improved constriction-coefficient Particle Swarm Optimization (ICC-PSO) algorithm and benchmarked it against standard PSO, five PSO variants, Harmony Search, and Simulated Annealing.
  • Analyzed sensitivity to reliability limits, fuel costs, photovoltaic capital costs, and carbon dioxide emission penalties.
  • A solar/battery/diesel configuration decreased total net annual cost by up to 36.6% compared to a diesel-only system.
  • The solar/battery/diesel setup reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 61.7% relative to a diesel-only system while maintaining high power reliability.
  • The ICC-PSO algorithm achieved lower total net annual costs and faster convergence rates compared to the benchmarked optimization algorithms.

Cite This Study

Cao et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a9145c5d15324a1df3a912ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2026.102348
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