Vitamins, minerals and supplementation in soccer

Despite low mineral intakes in several groups of female 'ball-game' players, investigations of blood profiles and physical performance do not indicate any evident physiological benefits of micronutrient supplementation. Nevertheless, measurements of iron status are warranted, particularly in female athletes. Iron therapy may be beneficial for iron-depleted (serum ferritin < 12 micrograms l-1) individuals. In athletes with infrequent or irregular menstruation, supplementary calcium might help to preserve bone density.