The paper discusses the modeling and the simulation of the limiters of proportional integral (PI) controllers included in voltage-sourced converters. Seven PI controller models are considered. These include windup and anti-windup limiters, back calculation with different gains and delayed feedback and the model recommended by the IEEE standard 421.5-2016. The dynamic behavior and numerical issues arising for each PI implementation are thoroughly compared by means of a detailed all-island dynamic model of the Irish system including the HVDC East-West Interconnector and a simplified dynamic model of the Great Britain system; and the Nordic system with inclusion of a STATCOM device. Recommendations on the computer-based implementation of each model are provided in the concluding remarks.
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Murad et al. (2019) studied this question.
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