Reagentless Protein Assembly Triggered by Localized Electrical Signals

Electrode-imposed signals are used to assemble proteins without the need for reactive reagents. The two-step assembly approach uses i) cathodic signals to electrodeposit the amino-polysaccharide chitosan and ii) anodic signals to activate the chitosan film for protein assembly. Proteins are shown to assemble at individual electrode addresses, with spatial selectivity and quantitative control.