Calculations of the contrast of faulted dipoles and the measurement of stacking-fault energy

Two-beam dynamical theory calculations have been performed to investigate the contrast produced by faulted dipoles in transmission electron microscopy. Both isotropic and anisotropic strain fields have been used and many configurations of both Z and S dipoles are considered in three different reflections. The paper employs the elasticity calculations of a previous publication (Steeds 1967) and the contrast calculations to determine the stacking-fault energies of the noble metals experimentally from observed images.