Volatility spillover and connectedness among REITs, NFTs, cryptocurrencies and other assets: Portfolio implications

We investigate the return and volatility spillovers among NFTs, REITs, and other major financial assets from January 2019 to November 2022, using connectedness approaches. The findings indicate that total return and volatility connectedness increased during the COVID-19 and the Russia–Ukraine war. REITs partially maintained their historical independence from shocks from other assets, while NFTs emerged as the new portfolio diversifiers. Findings suggest that investors can use REITs or a combination of NFTs, OIL, GOLD, and REITs with other assets to hedge against volatile assets during periods of financial turmoil. These findings have significant implications for heterogeneous market participants aiming to identify optimal portfolio diversifiers.