A lower bound is placed on the fermionic determinant of Euclidean quantum electrodynamics in three dimensions in the presence of a smooth, finite-flux, static, unidirectional magnetic field B(r)=(0, 0, B(r)), where B(r)>~0 or B(r)<~0 and r is a point in the xy plane. Bounds are also obtained for the induced spin for (2+1)-dimensional QED in the presence of B(r). An upper bound is placed on the fermionic determinant of Euclidean QED in four dimensions in the presence of a strong, static, directionally varying, square-integrable magnetic field B(r) on R³.
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M. P. Fry (1996) studied this question.
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