Two-dimensional (2-D) laser diode arrays, stacked in a one square centimetre (1 × 1 cm2) format with five bars and five thick heat spreaders, achieve electrical-to-optical conversion efficiencies up to 44%. They have been operated at duty cycles up to 50% with up to 150 W of average power (300 W peak power).
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Harnagel et al. (1993) studied this question.