Both the American and the German federal systems are acting under the impact of increasing globalization and are involved in processes of macro-regional integration. These developments are of vital interest for the constituent members of both federations. In such transformations, the nature of the representation of subnational units is a pivotal element. The crucial point is whether the federation and/or the new transnational regimes provide for the representation of subnational territorial units and give space for their horizontal cooperation.
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Franz Gress (1996) studied this question.
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