Direct measurements of integrated phase-space densities, e.g., f(x,vy,t), have been made in an experiment. Using spectroscopically active ions, measurements in a plasma show the ion response, fᵢ(x,v,t), to linear and nonlinear waves and phase-space particle bunching. Time-resolved measurements show coherent and incoherent phase-space density changes in the presence of waves, indicating that transitions to turbulence and chaos may be studied. The time, space, and velocity-space resolution may allow experimental tests of predictions from the Boltzmann equation.
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McWilliams et al. (1986) studied this question.
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